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Virtual addresses are used by the program executed by the accessing process, while physical addresses are used by the hardware, or more specifically, by the random-access memory (RAM) subsystem. The page table is a key component of virtual address translation that is necessary to access data in memory.
HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with 1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft [37] June 1993 Hypertext Markup Language [ 38 ] was published by the IETF IIIR Working Group as an Internet Draft (a rough proposal for a standard).
A memory address a is said to be n-byte aligned when a is a multiple of n (where n is a power of 2). In this context, a byte is the smallest unit of memory access, i.e. each memory address specifies a different byte. An n-byte aligned address would have a minimum of log 2 (n) least-significant zeros when expressed in binary.
A stack is usually represented in computers by a block of memory cells, with the "bottom" at a fixed location, and the stack pointer holding the address of the current "top" cell in the stack. The "top" and "bottom" nomenclature is used irrespective of whether the stack actually grows towards higher memory addresses.
A pointer a pointing to the memory address associated with a variable b, i.e., a contains the memory address 1008 of the variable b. In this diagram, the computing architecture uses the same address space and data primitive for both pointers and non-pointers; this need not be the case.
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In a system using segmentation, computer memory addresses consist of a segment id and an offset within the segment. [3] A hardware memory management unit (MMU) is responsible for translating the segment and offset into a physical address, and for performing checks to make sure the translation can be done and that the reference to that segment and offset is permitted.
The study [1] shows that a conventional memory interleaving method would propagate address-mapping conflicts at a cache level to the memory address space, causing row-buffer misses in a memory bank. The permutation-based interleaved memory method solved the problem with a trivial microarchitecture cost. [1]