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These agents are colour-coded for safety purposes. Note the special fitting for desflurane, which boils at room temperature. An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that is delivered via inhalation.
1 Inhalational anesthetic agents. 2 Bronchodilators. 3 Anti-hypertensives. 4 Anti-inflammatories. 5 Antimicrobials. 6 Pulmonary surfactants. 7 Sympathomimetic amines.
Sevoflurane is the preferred agent for mask induction due to its lesser irritation to mucous membranes. Sevoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic that is often used to induce and maintain anesthesia in children for surgery. [17]
Halothane, an agent introduced in the 1950s, has been almost completely replaced in modern anesthesia practice by newer agents because of its shortcomings. [10] Partly because of its side effects, enflurane never gained widespread popularity. [10] In theory, any inhaled anesthetic agent can be used for induction of general anesthesia.
Isoflurane, sold under the brand name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic. [4] It can be used to start or maintain anesthesia; however, other medications are often used to start anesthesia, due to airway irritation with isoflurane. [3] [5] Isoflurane is given via inhalation. [4]
General anaesthetics can be administered either as gases or vapours (inhalational anaesthetics), or as injections (intravenous or even intramuscular).All of these agents share the property of being quite hydrophobic (i.e., as liquids, they are not freely miscible—or mixable—in water, and as gases they dissolve in oils better than in water).
A lower MAC value represents a more potent volatile anesthetic. Other uses of MAC include MAC-BAR (1.7–2.0 MAC), which is the concentration required to block autonomic reflexes to nociceptive stimuli , and MAC-awake (0.3–0.5 MAC), the concentration required to block voluntary reflexes and control perceptive awareness.
Inhaled agents like diethyl ether are critical in anesthesia. Diethyl ether initially replaced non-flammable (but more toxic) halogenated hydrocarbons like chloroform and trichloroethylene. Halothane is a halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetic agent that was introduced into clinical practice in 1956. Due to its ease of use and improved safety ...