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In economics, a trough is a low turning point or a local minimum of a business cycle. The time evolution of many economics variables exhibits a wave-like behavior with local maxima (peaks) followed by local minima (troughs). A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks. [1] [2]
In addition to the absolute pass-through that uses incremental values (i.e., $2 cost shock causing $1 increase in price yields a 50% pass-through rate), some researchers use pass-through elasticity, where the ratio is calculated based on percentage change of price and cost (for example, with elasticity of 0.5, a 2% increase in cost yields a 1% increase in price).
Exchange-rate pass-through (ERPT) is a measure of how responsive international prices are to changes in exchange rates.. Formally, exchange-rate pass-through is the elasticity of local-currency import prices with respect to the local-currency price of foreign currency.
Basic diagram of the circular flow of income. The functioning of the free-market economic system is represented with firms and households and interaction back and forth. [2] The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods and services, etc. between ...
Hamelink, F. and M. Hoesli, "The Maximum Drawdown as a Risk Measure: The Role of Real Estate in the Optimal Portfolio Revisited", working paper (June 24), 2003. Hayes, B. T., "Maximum Drawdowns of Hedge Funds with Serial Correlation", Journal of Alternative Investments (vol 8, no 4) (Spring), pp. 26–38, 2006.
It relates transport costs linearly with distance, and pays these costs by extracting from the arriving volume. The model is attributed to Paul Samuelson's 1954 article in Deardorffs' Glossary of International Economics. [1] Paul Krugman's 1991 paper on Economic Geography [2] is one of the more widely cited papers employing the model.
Based on Pew’s calculator, middle class earners are actually those whose income falls between $52,200 and $156,600, or two-thirds to double the national median when adjusted for local cost of ...
Economic graphs are presented only in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane when the variables conceptually can only take on non-negative values (such as the quantity of a product that is produced). Even though the axes refer to numerical variables, specific values are often not introduced if a conceptual point is being made that would ...