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In critical theory, the posthuman is a speculative being that represents or seeks to re-conceive the human.It is the object of posthumanist criticism, which critically questions humanism, a branch of humanist philosophy which claims that human nature is a universal state from which the human being emerges; human nature is autonomous, rational, capable of free will, and unified in itself as the ...
In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how they are related, by ...
Some philosophers use both terms as synonyms. [11] The etymology of the word ontology traces back to the ancient Greek terms ὄντως (ontos, meaning ' being ') and λογία (logia, meaning ' study of '), literally, ' the study of being '. The ancient Greeks did not use the term ontology, which was coined by philosophers in the 17th ...
The vocabulary includes words used in science fiction books, TV and film. A second category rises from discussion and criticism of science fiction, and a third category comes from the subculture of fandom. It describes itself as "the first historical dictionary devoted to science fiction", tracing how science fiction terms have developed over time.
The co-editor of the science fiction journal Extrapolation and a professor of English at the University of Georgia, Isaiah Lavender III, notes the usefulness of the dictionary for academic analysis of issues, saying "Having these origin dates in mind can help a student or scholar build a framework to analyze something like the concept of the ...
Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
For example, a great-grandfather of Ijon Tichy, a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem's science fiction stories of the 1960s, was known to work on the "General Theory of Everything". Physicist John Ellis [ 59 ] claims to have introduced the term into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986. [ 60 ]
The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is an ontological framework developed in the early 2000s with the objective of providing foundational support for conceptual modeling. It synthesizes elements from formal ontology , cognitive science , linguistics , and philosophical logic to inform the structure and semantics of conceptual ...