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Neonatal sepsis is divided into two categories: early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS). EOS refers to sepsis presenting in the first 7 days of life (although some refer to EOS as within the first 72 hours of life), with LOS referring to presentation of sepsis after 7 days (or 72 hours, depending on the system used).
Late-onset sepsis (LOS), defined as onset of symptoms after 72 hours of life, is generally caused by transmission of pathogens from the environment after delivery. Infants requiring intravascular catheters and other invasive procedures are at increased risk for developing LOS. [3]
The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) first issued their Green Top Guideline No 36 "Prevention of early onset neonatal Group B streptococcal disease" in 2003. This guideline clearly stated: "Routine bacteriological screening of all pregnant women for antenatal GBS carriage is not recommended, and vaginal swabs should not ...
GBS neonatal infection typically originates in the lower reproductive tract of infected mothers. GBS infections in newborns are separated into two clinical syndromes, early-onset disease (EOD) and late-onset disease (LOD). [29] EOD manifests from 0 to 7 living days in the newborn, most of the cases of EOD being apparent within 24h of birth.
Neonatal jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin levels. [1] Other symptoms may include excess sleepiness or poor feeding. [ 1 ]
The most common infection is that of the uterus and surrounding tissues known as puerperal sepsis, postpartum metritis, or postpartum endometritis. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] Risk factors include caesarean section (C-section), the presence of certain bacteria such as group B streptococcus in the vagina, premature rupture of membranes , multiple vaginal exams ...
It's also a well-known pathogen in neonatal sepsis, where genetic fingerprinting has shown its ability for clonal nosocomial dissemination; [3] S. capitis may cause late-onset sepsis in pre-term neonates, possibly by first colonising the immature - and consequently more permeable - neonatal gut before entering the bloodstream from the gut. [9]
[1] [5] Clinical features vary and differ between early onset, that is presentation before 2-years of age, and late onset, presentation after age 2-years. [4] Infection in the unborn baby may present as poor growth , non-immune hydrops leading to premature birth or loss of the baby , or no signs .