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The tail of Spence (Spence's tail, axillary process, axillary tail) has historically been described as an extension of the tissue of the upper outer quadrant of the breast traveling into the axilla. [1] The "axillary tail" has been reported to pass into the axilla through an opening in the deep fascia called foramen of Langer.
If cancer cells are found in the nodes, it increases the risk of metastatic breast cancer. Another method of determining breast cancer spread is to perform an endoscopic axillary sentinel node biopsy. This involves injecting a dye into the breast lump and seeing which node it first spread to (the sentinel node). This node is then removed and ...
Breast ultrasound is typically performed using a frequency of 7 to 14 Megahertz, and may also include ultrasound of the axillary tail of the breast and axillae to detect abnormal nodes in the axilla, as lymphatic drainage of parts of the breast occurs through axillary lymph nodes.
The first such trial, led by Umberto Veronesi at the European Institute of Oncology, showed that women with breast tumours of 2 cm or less could safely forgo axillary dissection if their sentinel lymph nodes were found to be cancer-free on biopsy. [26] The benefits included less pain, greater arm mobility and less swelling in the arm. [27]
The circular pattern involves moving the fingers in concentric circles from the nipple outward. Some guidelines suggest mentally dividing the breast into four quadrants and checking each quadrant separately. The palpation process covers the entire breast, including the "axillary tail" of each breast that extends toward the axilla (armpit). This ...
Cancers of the breast, lung, thyroid, stomach, colorectal, pancreatic, ovarian, kidney, and skin (malignant melanoma) can spread to the axilla. Due to an inflammatory reaction to silicone particles from implant leakage, silicone breast implants may also cause axillary lymphadenopathy. [2]
Axillary dissection is a surgical procedure that incises the axilla, usually in order to identify, examine, or take out lymph nodes. [1] The term "axilla" refers to the armpit or underarm section of the body. [2] The axillary dissection procedure is commonly used in treating the underarm portion of women who are dealing with breast cancer. [3]
They receive lymphatic fluid from the muscles and the mammary gland, and deliver lymphatic fluid to the axillary lymphatic plexus. These lymph nodes are susceptible to breast cancer, as the cancer sometimes spreads (metastasizes) to the interpectoral lymph nodes. It signifies retrograde spread of tumour.