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Simpson's rules are used to calculate the volume of lifeboats, [6] and by surveyors to calculate the volume of sludge in a ship's oil tanks. For instance, in the latter, Simpson's 3rd rule is used to find the volume between two co-ordinates. To calculate the entire area / volume, Simpson's first rule is used. [7]
Eagle S is a crude oil and oil products tanker with a deadweight tonnage of 74,035 tonnes (72,866 long tons) and 12 cargo tanks that have a combined volumetric capacity of 81,320 cubic metres (511,500 bbl) at 98% filling. The ship is 228.6 metres (750 ft 0 in) long, 32.3 metres (106 ft 0 in) wide, and has a displacement of 89,381 tonnes (87,969 ...
Traditionally, various measurement rules have been in use, giving various measures in long tons. [1] Today, tonnes are more commonly used. [citation needed] Ship displacement varies by a vessel's degree of load, from its empty weight as designed (known as "lightweight tonnage" [2]) to its maximum load. Numerous specific terms are used to ...
In contrast, a "tender" ship lags behind the motion of the waves and tends to roll at lesser amplitudes. A passenger ship will typically have a long rolling period for comfort, perhaps 12 seconds while a tanker or freighter might have a rolling period of 6 to 8 seconds. The period of roll can be estimated from the following equation: [1]
A small amount of fuel in the tank leaves pumps on the floor of the tank exposed to the air-fuel mixture, and an electric pump is a potential ignition source. The explosion of a Thai Airways International Boeing 737 in 2001 and a Philippine Airlines 737 in 1990 also occurred in tanks that had a small amount of residual fuel.
A liquid hitting a wall in a container will cause sloshing. The free surface effect is a mechanism which can cause a watercraft to become unstable and capsize. [1]It refers to the tendency of liquids — and of unbound aggregates of small solid objects, like seeds, gravel, or crushed ore, whose behavior approximates that of liquids — to move in response to changes in the attitude of a craft ...
Important examples include propellant slosh in spacecraft tanks and rockets (especially upper stages), and the free surface effect (cargo slosh) in ships and trucks transporting liquids (for example oil and gasoline). However, it has become common to refer to liquid motion in a completely filled tank, i.e. without a free surface, as "fuel slosh".
Oil tankers generally have from 8 to 12 tanks. [1] Each tank is split into two or three independent compartments by fore-and-aft bulkheads. [1] The tanks are numbered with tank one being the forwardmost. Individual compartments are referred to by the tank number and the athwartships position, such as "one port", "three starboard", or "six ...