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An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). [1] Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. [2] These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen ...
Vietnam successfully produced the first vaccine against African swine fever on June 1, 2022. [20] Against the Eurasian "Georgia07" isolate, an experimental vaccine attenuated by deletion of the viral I177L gene has been in development in the United States since January 22, 2020. [ 21 ]
This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic human vaccines. Early vaccines may be listed by the first year of development or testing, but later entries usually show the year the vaccine finished trials and became available on the market. Although vaccines exist for the diseases listed below, only smallpox has
The South African Republic and German government, largely in southern and eastern Africa, worked to find an effective vaccine. By 1897, vaccine therapies succeeded in limiting rinderpest mortality to less than 20% in the Cape Colony. [27]
In the Philippines, the Dengvaxia controversy has contributed to overall vaccine hesitancy because of heightened concerns about vaccine safety. While concerns about vaccine safety are usually irrational, in the case of Dengvaxia there was a basis in evidence. [2] Many parents of children who died blamed the vaccine. [54]
Lambda phage can also be manipulated and used as an anti-cancer vaccine that targets human aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase (ASPH, HAAH), which has been shown to be beneficial in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. [32] Lambda phage has also been of major importance in the study of specialized transduction. [33]
Assuming a vaccine is 100% effective, then the equation used for calculating the herd immunity threshold can be used for calculating the vaccination level needed to eliminate a disease, written as V c. [2] Vaccines are usually imperfect however, so the effectiveness, E, of a vaccine must be accounted for:
Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). [4] The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. [4] More than 87% of people who receive the vaccine develop immunity. [5] It is not useful following the bite of an infected tick. [4] It is given by injection into a muscle ...