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Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a metabolite of ethanol which is formed in the body by glucuronidation following exposure to ethanol, usually from drinking alcoholic beverages.It is used as a biomarker to test for ethanol use and to monitor alcohol abstinence in situations where drinking is prohibited, such as by the military, in alcohol treatment programs, in professional monitoring programs ...
Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate are excreted in urine as metabolites of ethanol and are used to monitor alcohol use. [8] Glucuronic acid and gluconic acid are fermentation products in Kombucha tea. [9] Glucuronic acid is a precursor of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, formerly called L-hexuronic acid). Ascorbate can be biosynthesized by higher ...
The activity of ADH and CYP2E1 alone does not appear sufficient to fully explain the increase in ethanol metabolism rate. There may be one or more additional pathways that metabolize as much as 25 to 35% of ethanol at typical concentrations. [3] A small amount of ethanol undergoes conjugation to form ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate. [2]
One example is the N-glucuronidation of an aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl, by UGT1A4 or UGT1A9 from human, rat, or mouse liver. [ 2 ] The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronides (or glucuronosides) and are typically much more water - soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing substances from which they were ...
A glucuronide, also known as glucuronoside, is any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond. [1] The glucuronides belong to the glycosides . Glucuronidation , the conversion of chemical compounds to glucuronides, is a method that animals use to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or ...
Ethyl sulfate can be produced in a laboratory setting by reacting ethanol with sulfuric acid under a gentle boil, while keeping the reaction below 140 °C. The sulfuric acid must be added dropwise or the reaction must be actively cooled because the reaction itself is highly exothermic. CH 3 CH 2 OH + H 2 SO 4 → CH 3 CH 2 OSO 3 H + H 2 O
The glucuronidation reaction consists of the transfer of the glucuronosyl group from uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) to substrate molecules that contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or carboxyl functional groups. [5] The resulting glucuronide is more polar (e.g
N-Acetyltaurine is a direct alcohol biomarker which represents the oxidative pathway of ethanol metabolism. Other direct alcohol biomarkers such as fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, and phosphatidylethanol reflect the non-oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism, based on conjunction reactions (biotransformation).