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Punycode is a representation of Unicode with the limited ASCII character subset used for Internet hostnames.Using Punycode, host names containing Unicode characters are transcoded to a subset of ASCII consisting of letters, digits, and hyphens, which is called the letter–digit–hyphen (LDH) subset.
Example of Greek IDN with domain name in non-Latin alphabet: ουτοπία.δπθ.gr (Punycode is xn--kxae4bafwg.xn--pxaix.gr)An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an Internet domain name that contains at least one label displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in non-Latin script or alphabet [a] or in the Latin alphabet-based characters with diacritics or ligatures.
With the exception of the information emoji (ℹ), the trademark emoji (™️) and the "m" emoji (Ⓜ️), [citation needed] for an emoji to work as a domain name, it must be converted into so-called "Punycode". Punycode is a character encoding method used for internationalized domain names (IDNs). This representation is used when registering ...
The Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is an internet protocol standard which builds on the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) protocol by greatly expanding the set of permitted characters.
Single-letter second-level domains are domains in which the second-level domain of the domain name consists of only one letter, such as x.com.In 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) explicitly reserved all single-letter and single-digit second-level domains under the top-level domains com, net, and org, and grandfathered those that had already been assigned.
An example of an IDN homograph attack; the Latin letters "e" and "a" are replaced with the Cyrillic letters "е" and "а".The internationalized domain name (IDN) homograph attack (sometimes written as homoglyph attack) is a method used by malicious parties to deceive computer users about what remote system they are communicating with, by exploiting the fact that many different characters look ...
Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) March 2003: Punycode: RFC 3501 : INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 4rev1: March 2003: IMAP v 4r1: RFC 3530 : Network File System (NFS) version 4 Protocol: April 2003: NFS v 4: RFC 3538
A uniform resource locator (URL), colloquially known as an address on the Web, [1] is a reference to a resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), [ 2 ] [ 3 ] although many people use the two terms interchangeably.