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The first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus provides external information on some people and events found in the New Testament. [1] The extant manuscripts of Josephus' book Antiquities of the Jews, written around AD 93–94, contain two references to Jesus of Nazareth and one reference to John the Baptist.
Virtually all scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed. [8] [9] [31] Historian Michael Grant asserts that if conventional standards of historical criticism are applied to the New Testament, "we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of pagan personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned."
Josephus' James passage attests to the existence of Jesus as a historical person and that some of his contemporaries considered him the Messiah. [10] [23] According to Bart Ehrman, Josephus' passage about Jesus was altered by a Christian scribe, including the reference to Jesus as the Messiah. [24]
Hadas-lebel, Mireille: Flavius Josephus Eyewitness to Rome's first-century conquest of Judea, Macmillan 1993, Simon and Schuster 2001; den Hollander, William: Josephus, the Emperors, and the City of Rome: From Hostage to Historian (Boston: Brill, 2014). Hillar, Marian (2005). "Flavius Josephus and His Testimony Concerning the Historical Jesus".
Part of the 6th-century Madaba Map asserting two possible baptism locations The crucifixion of Jesus as depicted by Mannerist painter Bronzino (c. 1545). There is no scholarly consensus concerning most elements of Jesus's life as described in the Christian and non-Christian sources, and reconstructions of the "historical Jesus" are broadly debated for their reliability, [note 7] [note 6] but ...
Josephus also adds a short account of his personal life, Vita, as an appendix to the Judean Antiquities. Antiquities of the Jews contains a good deal of valuable, sometimes unique, historical material. This applies, for example, to the history of the Hellenistic states, Parthia, Armenia, the Nabatean kingdom, and the Roman Empire.