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Based on wind resistance, for example, the terminal velocity of a skydiver in a belly-to-earth (i.e., face down) free-fall position is about 195 km/h (122 mph or 54 m/s). [3] This velocity is the asymptotic limiting value of the acceleration process, because the effective forces on the body balance each other more and more closely as the ...
The Torino scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets.It is intended as a communication tool for astronomers and the public to assess the seriousness of collision predictions, by combining probability statistics and known kinetic damage potentials into a single threat value.
When large objects impact terrestrial planets such as the Earth, there can be significant physical and biospheric consequences, as the impacting body is usually traveling at several kilometres a second (a minimum of 11.2 km/s (7.0 mi/s) for an Earth impacting body [2]), though atmospheres mitigate many surface impacts through atmospheric entry.
The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate the potential hazard of impact of a near-Earth object (NEO). It combines two types of data — probability of impact and estimated kinetic yield—into a single "hazard" value.
So if a comet approaching Earth (effective radius ~6400 km) with a velocity of 12.5 km/s (the approximate minimum approach speed of a body coming from the outer Solar System) is to avoid a collision with Earth, the impact parameter will need to be at least 8600 km, or 34% more than the Earth's radius.
Figure 1: Tidal interaction between the spiral galaxy NGC 169 and a smaller companion [1]. The tidal force or tide-generating force is a gravitational effect that stretches a body along the line towards and away from the center of mass of another body due to spatial variations in strength in gravitational field from the other body.
The first two objects that were detected and had their Earth-MOID calculated before Earth impact were the small asteroids 2008 TC 3 and 2014 AA. 2014 AA is listed with a MOID of 0.00000045 AU (67 km; 42 mi), [5] and is the second smallest MOID calculated for an Apollo asteroid after 2020 QY 2 with an Earth-MOID of 0.00000039 AU (58 km; 36 mi). [6]
Smaller near-Earth objects number into millions and therefore impact Earth much more often, though obviously with much less damage. The vast majority remain undiscovered. [ 15 ] They seldom pass close enough to Earth that they become bright enough to observe, and so most can only be observed when within a few million kilometers of Earth.
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