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Aplastic anemia is a rare, noncancerous disorder in which the blood marrow is unable to adequately produce blood cells required for survival. [44] [45] It is estimated that the incidence of aplastic anemia is 0.7–4.1 cases per million people worldwide, with the prevalence between men and women being approximately equal. [46]
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) or erythroblastopenia refers to a type of aplastic anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but usually not to white blood cells. In PRCA, the bone marrow ceases to produce red blood cells. There are multiple etiologies that can cause PRCA. The condition has been first described by Paul Kaznelson in 1922. [1]
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is a rare autosomal recessive bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by severe thrombocytopenia, which can progress to aplastic anemia and leukemia. [4] CAMT usually manifests as thrombocytopenia in the initial month of life or in the fetal phase.
Aplastic anemia patients present with symptoms related to a decrease in hematopoietic cell production in the bone marrow. The onset is gradual, and the first symptom is frequently anemia or bleeding, though a high temperature or infections may be present at the onset. The following are examples of specific manifestations: [12]
The 1976 publication of the Diamond-Blackfan anemia diagnostic criteria states that the condition must manifest before the patient turns one year old and must include near-normal or slightly decreased neutrophil counts, reticulocytopenia, variable platelet counts, macrocytosis, and normal marrow cellularity with a deficiency of red cell ...
While acquired aplastic anemia with an unknown cause is rare, it is commonly permanent and life-threatening as half of those with this condition die within the first six months. [10] The prevalence of bone marrow failure is over three times higher in Japan and East Asia than in the United States and Europe. [10]
The following is a differential diagnosis for patients in which reticulocytopenia is the most marked cytopenia. For conditions that lead to significant reduction in all three cell lineages, see pancytopenia or aplastic anemia. Parvovirus B19 infection [5] Transient Erythroblastopenia of Childhood [4] Pure red cell aplasia [6]
Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. [27] Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: D59.0-D59.1: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of hemolytic anemia where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells (RBCs), leading to their destruction .