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Casio V.P.A.M. calculators are scientific calculators made by Casio which use Casio's Visually Perfect Algebraic Method (V.P.A.M.), Natural Display or Natural V.P.A.M. input methods. V.P.A.M. is an infix system for entering mathematical expressions, used by Casio in most of its current scientific calculators.
The input section is mounted on rails and can be moved along the accumulator section with a crank on the left end that turns a worm gear, to change the alignment of operand digits with accumulator digits. There is also a tens-carry indicator and a control to set the machine to zero. The machine can:
An input scheme known as algebraic operating system (AOS) [7] combines both. [7] This is the name Texas Instruments uses for the input scheme used in some of its calculators. [8] Immediate-execution calculators are based on a mixture of infix and postfix notation: binary operations are done as infix, but unary operations are postfix.
The input and output were in decimal numbers, with a decimal exponent and the units had special machinery for converting these to and from binary numbers. The input and output instructions would be read or written as floating-point numbers. The program tape was a 35 mm film with the instructions encoded in punched holes.
Launched in early 1972, it was unlike the other basic four-function pocket calculators then available in that it was the first pocket calculator with scientific functions that could replace a slide rule. The $395 HP-35, along with nearly all later HP engineering calculators, uses reverse Polish notation (RPN), also called postfix notation.
The input, consisting of programs ("formulae") and data, [13] [9] was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. [14] For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter, and a bell. [9]
The comptometer-type calculator was the first machine to receive an all-electronic calculator engine in 1961 (the ANITA mark VII released by Sumlock comptometer of the UK). In 1890 W. T. Odhner got the rights to manufacture his calculator back from Königsberger & C , which had held them since it was first patented in 1878, but had not really ...
Therefore 10o sets the output radix to the current input radix, but generally not to 10 (ten). Nevertheless Ao resets the output base to 10 (ten), regardless of the input base. To read the values, the K, I and O commands push the current precision, input radix and output radix on to the top of the stack. As an example, to convert from hex to ...