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  2. Euclidean distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance

    It can be extended to infinite-dimensional vector spaces as the L 2 norm or L 2 distance. [25] The Euclidean distance gives Euclidean space the structure of a topological space, the Euclidean topology, with the open balls (subsets of points at less than a given distance from a given point) as its neighborhoods. [26]

  3. Euclidean distance matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance_matrix

    In mathematics, a Euclidean distance matrix is an n×n matrix representing the spacing of a set of n points in Euclidean space. For points x 1 , x 2 , … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}} in k -dimensional space ℝ k , the elements of their Euclidean distance matrix A are given by squares of distances between them.

  4. Distance from a point to a plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_from_a_point_to_a...

    In Euclidean space, the distance from a point to a plane is the distance between a given point and its orthogonal projection on the plane, ...

  5. Norm (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)

    In particular, the Euclidean distance in a Euclidean space is defined by a norm on the associated Euclidean vector space, called the Euclidean norm, the 2-norm, or, sometimes, the magnitude or length of the vector. This norm can be defined as the square root of the inner product of a vector with itself.

  6. Distance from a point to a line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_from_a_point_to_a...

    The distance (or perpendicular distance) from a point to a line is the shortest distance from a fixed point to any point on a fixed infinite line in Euclidean geometry. It is the length of the line segment which joins the point to the line and is perpendicular to the line. The formula for calculating it can be derived and expressed in several ways.

  7. Distance matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_matrix

    The geometric-distance matrix is a different type of distance matrix that is based on the graph-theoretical distance matrix of a molecule to represent and graph the 3-D molecule structure. [8] The geometric-distance matrix of a molecular structure G is a real symmetric n x n matrix defined in the same way as a 2-D matrix.

  8. Three-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space

    Most commonly, it is the three-dimensional Euclidean space, that is, the Euclidean space of dimension three, which models physical space. More general three-dimensional spaces are called 3-manifolds. The term may also refer colloquially to a subset of space, a three-dimensional region (or 3D domain), [1] a solid figure.

  9. Lloyd's algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd's_algorithm

    Lloyd's algorithm is usually used in a Euclidean space. The Euclidean distance plays two roles in the algorithm: it is used to define the Voronoi cells, but it also corresponds to the choice of the centroid as the representative point of each cell, since the centroid is the point that minimizes the average squared Euclidean distance to the ...