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To unambiguously describe a specific isolate of virus, researchers use the Influenza virus nomenclature, [21] which describes, among other things, the subtype, year, and place of collection. Some examples include: [22] A/Rio de Janeiro/62434/2021 (H3N2). [22] The starting A indicates that the virus is an influenza A virus.
The project completed its first genomes in March 2005 and has rapidly accelerated since. By mid-2008, over 3000 isolates had been completely sequenced from influenza viruses that are endemic in human ("human flu") avian ("bird flu") and swine ("swine flu") populations, including many strains of H3N2 (human), H1N1 (human), and H5N1 (avian). [1]
Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild waterfowl and shorebirds and the HA ...
Influenza A virus and influenza B virus circulate in humans and cause seasonal epidemics, and influenza C virus causes a mild infection, primarily in children. Influenza D virus can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. In humans, influenza viruses are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from
Influenza A virus (Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae) [1] or IAV is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. [2] It is a pathogen with strains that infect birds and some mammals, as well as causing seasonal flu in humans. [3]
The Influenza Research Database (IRD) [1] [2] [3] is an integrative and comprehensive publicly available database and analysis resource to search, analyze, visualize, save and share data for influenza virus research.
GISAID (/ ˈ ɡ ɪ s eɪ d /), the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, [9] previously the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, [10] [11] is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of influenza viruses.
Pigs can harbor influenza viruses adapted to humans and others that are adapted to birds, allowing the viruses to exchange genes and create a pandemic strain. A 2007 study reported: "In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. In the United States, the classic H1N1 subtype was ...
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