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A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages.
[47] Besides this difference just being between black and white adults, we see the greatest margin of comparison between black and white women. In 2015, 87 percent of all TB cases in the United States occurred in those that are identified as racial and ethnic minorities, especially Hispanics, Asians, and African Americans. [ 35 ]