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The word quantum is the neuter singular of the Latin interrogative adjective quantus, meaning "how much"."Quanta", the neuter plural, short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons), was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.
List of letters used in mathematics and science; Glossary of mathematical symbols; List of mathematical uses of Latin letters; Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering; Physical constant; Physical quantity; International System of Units; ISO 31
One particle: N particles: One dimension ^ = ^ + = + ^ = = ^ + (,,) = = + (,,) where the position of particle n is x n. = + = = +. (,) = /.There is a further restriction — the solution must not grow at infinity, so that it has either a finite L 2-norm (if it is a bound state) or a slowly diverging norm (if it is part of a continuum): [1] ‖ ‖ = | |.
mathematical physics The application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories. mathematics The abstract study of topics encompassing quantity, structure, space, change, and other properties. matrix
Historically, definitions of quantum states used wavefunctions before the more formal methods were developed. [4]: 268 The wave function is a complex-valued function of any complete set of commuting or compatible degrees of freedom. For example, one set could be the ,, spatial coordinates of an electron.
Sometimes the word is used as a synonym of "wave function" or "pure state". State vector synonymous to "wave function". Statistical ensemble A large number of copies of a system. System A sufficiently isolated part in the universe for investigation. Tensor product of Hilbert space
In mathematical physics, geometric quantization is a mathematical approach to defining a quantum theory corresponding to a given classical theory. It attempts to carry out quantization, for which there is in general no exact recipe, in such a way that certain analogies between the classical theory and the quantum theory remain manifest.