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The horizontal and vertical polar patterns are projections of the 3 dimensional pattern onto horizontal and vertical planes, respectively. An omnidirectional antenna radiates equal signal strength in all horizontal directions, so its horizontal pattern is just a circle.
An omnidirectional (or nondirectional) microphone's response is generally considered to be a perfect sphere in three dimensions. In the real world, this is not the case. As with directional microphones, the polar pattern for an "omnidirectional" microphone is a function of frequency.
Omnidirectional radiation patterns are produced by the simplest practical antennas, monopole and dipole antennas, consisting of one or two straight rod conductors on a common axis. Antenna gain (G) is defined as antenna efficiency (e) multiplied by antenna directivity (D) which is expressed mathematically as: G = e D {\displaystyle G=eD} .
A directional boundary microphone is a boundary microphone with a directional polar pattern such as cardioid or supercardioid. One method to create a directional boundary mic is to mount panels (hard surfaces) next to an omnidirectional mic capsule.
A halo antenna is a half-wave dipole bent into a circle for a nearly uniform radiation pattern in the plane of the circle. When the halo's circle is horizontal, it produces horizontally polarized radiation in a nearly omnidirectional pattern with only a little power wasted toward the zenith, compared to a straight horizontal dipole.
Microphones have a polar pattern describing their sensitivity as a function of the direction of the incident sound. Many microphones have an omnidirectional polar pattern which means their sensitivity is independent of the direction of the incident sound. Microphones with other polar patterns exist that are more sensitive in a certain direction.
Morphing between different virtual microphone patterns. The B-format components can be combined to derive virtual microphones with any first-order polar pattern (omnidirectional, cardioid, hypercardioid, figure-of-eight or anything in between) pointing in any direction.
Cardioid, hypercardioid, or supercardioid polar patterns will therefore often replace omnidirectional polar patterns for surround recordings. To compensate for the lost low-end of directional (pressure gradient) microphones, additional omnidirectional (pressure microphones), exhibiting an extended low-end response, can be added.