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  2. Effector (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effector_(biology)

    In biology, an effector is a general term that can refer to several types of molecules or cells. In the context of biological system regulation, an effector is an element of a regulation loop controlling a regulated quantity.

  3. Effector cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effector_cell

    In cell biology, an effector cell is any of various types of cell that actively responds to a stimulus and effects some change (brings it about). Examples of effector cells include: The muscle, gland or organ cell capable of responding to a stimulus at the terminal end of an efferent nerve fiber; Plasma cell, an effector B cell in the immune system

  4. Bacterial effector protein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_effector_protein

    Given the diversity of effectors, they affect a wide variety of intracellular processes. The T3SS effectors of pathogenic E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia regulate actin dynamics to facilitate their own attachment or invasion, subvert endocytic trafficking, block phagocytosis, modulate apoptotic pathways, and manipulate innate immunity as well as host responses.

  5. Effector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effector

    Effector may refer to: Effector (biology), a molecule that binds to a protein and thereby alters the activity of that protein; Effector ...

  6. Cell signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

    Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector. [citation needed] In biology, signals are mostly chemical in nature, but can also be physical cues such as pressure, voltage, temperature, or light.

  7. Homeostasis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

    An effector is the target acted on, to bring about the change back to the normal state. At the cellular level, effectors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up-regulation or down-regulation and act in negative feedback mechanisms. An example of this is in the control of bile acids in the liver. [4]

  8. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

    The extracellular type II and type I kinase receptors binding to the TGF-β ligands. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a superfamily of cytokines that play a significant upstream role in regulating of morphogenesis, homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. [2]

  9. Virulence factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence_factor

    Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following: [1] [2] colonization of a niche in the host (this includes movement towards and attachment to host cells ...