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Certain bacterial infections also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma. [66] The mechanism by which H. pylori causes cancer may involve chronic inflammation or the direct action of some of the bacteria's virulence factors. [67]
The increased risk is believed to be due to the random chance of developing any cancer, the likelihood of surviving the first cancer, the same risk factors that produced the first cancer, unwanted side effects of treating the first cancer (particularly radiation therapy), and better compliance with screening. [206]
The epidemiology of cancer is the study of the factors affecting cancer, as a way to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer epidemiology uses epidemiological methods to find the cause of cancer and to identify and develop improved treatments. This area of study must contend with problems of lead time bias and length time bias ...
Viral infections are risk factors for cervical cancer, 80% of liver cancers, and 15–20% of the other cancers. [2] This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 32.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 3.3% in Australia and New Zealand. [1] A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus or tumor virus.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) reports that 40% of cancers are linked to modifiable risk factors, while about one in 10 cancers are caused by genetic mutations passed down within a family.
Radiation hormesis is the conjecture that a low level of ionizing radiation (i.e., near the level of Earth's natural background radiation) helps "immunize" cells against DNA damage from other causes (such as free radicals or larger doses of ionizing radiation), and decreases the risk of cancer. The theory proposes that such low levels activate ...
There have been huge advances in the treatment of early-stage cancers, but there is still a risk of recurrence elsewhere in the body if cancer cells have migrated from the site of the original tumor.
A recent pooled analysis published in the journal Cancer looked at drinking coffee and tea and the risk for head and neck cancer. The data examined over 9,500 cases of head and neck cancer and ...
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