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Wood wing spars of multipiece construction usually consist of upper and lower members, called spar caps, and vertical sheet wood members, known as shear webs or more simply webs, that span the distance between the spar caps. Even in modern times, "homebuilt replica aircraft" such as the replica Spitfires use laminated wooden spars.
The single-spar, aluminum structure wings are tapered from mid-span and feature top and bottom balanced divebrakes. The wings are covered in aluminum stressed skin. The tailplane and elevator are made from welded steel tube covered in aircraft fabric. The vertical fin is aluminum stressed skin construction, while the rudder is fabric-covered ...
The strut-braced wings of the Decathlon are, like the fuselage and tail surfaces, fabric covered, using aluminum alloy ribs. The wings of Champion and Bellanca Decathlons were built with wooden spars. American Champion has been using aluminum spars in the aircraft it has produced and has made the aluminum-spar wings available for retrofit ...
The wings also use composite material and have no ribs within the wing. Early iterations of the Atlas utilized a wooden spar of built-up construction; current versions utilize a carbon fiber spar. The typical sailplane monowheel landing gear is fixed; a castering tailwheel and wingtip wheels assist powered taxiing.
In spite of its weight the LS3 is a nimble climber. It is also less sensitive to rain or dirt than other types with the same profile. Its thicker wing takes its toll at higher speeds, where it could not keep up with the contemporary ASW 20, the best 15-metre glider of its generation. One puzzle is how Dick Johnson's flight tests showed ...
The wing has a single spar and the stressed skin features multi-stringers for stiffness, to best retain airfoil shape and laminar flow. The aircraft's elevator and rudder are fabric covered. The 1-35 carries 320 lb (145 kg) of water ballast in two wing tanks.
They are primarily responsible for transferring the aerodynamic loads acting on the skin onto the frames and formers. In the wings or horizontal stabilizer, longerons run spanwise (from wing root to wing tip) and attach between the ribs. The primary function here also is to transfer the bending loads acting on the wings onto the ribs and spar.
Aerodynamic configurations: winglets are default for all spans; wing tips extending the span to 18 metres are an option available to some versions. Structure: wings, winglets, ailerons and horizontal stabilizer are carbon/foam sandwiches; the elevator has a mixed carbon/aramid construction. The longer span versions have a stronger main spar.