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2. Spectrum analyzer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer

   Spectrum analyzers are widely used to measure the frequency response, noise and distortion characteristics of all kinds of radio-frequency (RF) circuitry, by comparing the input and output spectra. For example, in RF mixers, spectrum analyzer is used to find the levels of third order inter-modulation products and conversion loss.

3. Phase noise - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_noise

   Spectrum analyzer based measurement can show the phase-noise power over many decades of frequency; e.g., 1 Hz to 10 MHz. The slope with offset frequency in various offset frequency regions can provide clues as to the source of the noise; e.g., low frequency flicker noise decreasing at 30 dB per decade (= 9 dB per octave). [3] Phase noise ...

4. Noise floor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_floor

   Measurement from a spectrum analyzer showing a noise-like measurement from an unspecified component.. In signal theory, the noise floor is the measure of the signal created from the sum of all the noise sources and unwanted signals within a measurement system, where noise is defined as any signal other than the one being monitored.

5. Noise spectral density - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_spectral_density

   For thermal noise, its spectral density is given by N 0 = kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant in joules per kelvin (J/K), and T is the receiver system noise temperature in kelvins. The noise amplitude spectral density is the square root of the noise power spectral density, and is given in units such as volts per square root of hertz, V / H z ...

6. Flicker noise - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flicker_noise

   The measurement of 1/f noise spectrum in voltage or current is done in the same way as the measurement of other types of noises. Sampling spectrum analyzers take a finite-time sample from the noise and calculate the Fourier transform by FFT algorithm. Then, after calculating the squared absolute value of the Fourier spectrum, they calculate its ...

7. Relative intensity noise - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_intensity_noise

   Relative intensity noise can be generated from cavity vibration, fluctuations in the laser gain medium or simply from transferred intensity noise from a pump source. Since intensity noise typically is proportional to the intensity, the relative intensity noise is typically independent of laser power. Hence, when the signal to noise ratio (SNR ...

8. Noise measurement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_measurement

   Noise measurement can also be part of a test procedure using white noise, or some other specialized form of test signal.In audio systems and broadcasting, specific methods are used to obtain subjectively valid results in order that different devices and signal paths may be compared regardless of the inconsistent spectral distribution and temporal properties of the noise that they generate.

9. Spectral density estimation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density_estimation

   Some SDE techniques assume that a signal is composed of a limited (usually small) number of generating frequencies plus noise and seek to find the location and intensity of the generated frequencies. Others make no assumption on the number of components and seek to estimate the whole generating spectrum.