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Samandarines are exclusively produced and secreted by the fire salamander through their parotoid glands (20 mg/gland). Samandarin is the main component of these glandular secretions, although the precise ratio of the alkaloids can vary from species to species and individual to individual. [5]
The fire salamander's primary alkaloid toxin, samandarin, causes strong muscle convulsions and hypertension combined with hyperventilation in all vertebrates. Through an analysis of the European fire salamander’s skin secretions, scientists have determined that another alkaloid, such as samandarone, is also released by the salamander. [14]
The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of some frogs (especially toads), and salamanders. It can secrete a number of milky alkaloid substances (depending on the species) known collectively as bufotoxins , which act as neurotoxins to deter predation .
Specialized glands within the human integumentary system # Name Precursor gland derived from [3] Anatomic location 1 Ceruminous gland: Apocrine: Ear canal: 2 Mammary gland: Apocrine: Breast 3 Moll's gland: Apocrine: Eyelid margin 4 Tyson's gland: Sebaceous: Genital skin 5 Meibomian gland: Sebaceous: Tarsal plate: 6 Gland of Zeis: Sebaceous
Although salamanders and newts seem to be the most susceptible, some anuran species are also affected. Bsal has emerged recently and poses a major threat to species in Europe and North America. It was described in 2013 based on a strain collected from skin tissue of fire salamanders Salamandra salamandra. The pathogen, unidentified up to then ...
Symptoms may vary depending on certain factors such as the size and age of the victim. Other than the first, more benign symptoms (such as a tingling or burning sensation in the eyes, mucous membranes, or in exposed wounds), the most frequently described symptoms in the medical literature are : paleness; bradycardia
The Corsican fire salamander (Salamandra corsica) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only on the island of Corsica as an endemic species. In former times, this species was known as a subspecies of the widespread but continental-distributed fire salamander , which may appear quite similar.
Common name Scientific name Distribution North African fire salamander: Salamandra algira Bedriaga, 1883: Algeria and Morocco alpine salamander: Salamandra atra Laurenti, 1768: central, eastern and Dinaric Alps Corsican fire salamander: Salamandra corsica Savi, 1838: Corsica Near Eastern fire salamander: Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens, 1885