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Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of computer science and especially artificial intelligence.It is primarily concerned with providing computers with the ability to process data encoded in natural language and is thus closely related to information retrieval, knowledge representation and computational linguistics, a subfield of linguistics.
Natural language generation (NLG) is a software process that produces natural language output. A widely-cited survey of NLG methods describes NLG as "the subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics that is concerned with the construction of computer systems that can produce understandable texts in English or other human languages from some underlying non-linguistic ...
Machine learning – subfield of computer science that examines pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence. There are three broad approaches to machine learning. Supervised learning occurs when the machine is given example inputs and outputs by a teacher so that it can learn a rule that maps inputs to outputs.
The design has its origins from pre-training contextual representations, including semi-supervised sequence learning, [23] generative pre-training, ELMo, [24] and ULMFit. [25] Unlike previous models, BERT is a deeply bidirectional, unsupervised language representation, pre-trained using only a plain text corpus .
Transformers were first developed as an improvement over previous architectures for machine translation, [4] [5] but have found many applications since. They are used in large-scale natural language processing, computer vision (vision transformers), reinforcement learning, [6] [7] audio, [8] multimodal learning, robotics, [9] and even playing ...
In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis.Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. [1]
A language model is a probabilistic model of a natural language. [1] In 1980, the first significant statistical language model was proposed, and during the decade IBM performed ‘Shannon-style’ experiments, in which potential sources for language modeling improvement were identified by observing and analyzing the performance of human subjects in predicting or correcting text.
Neural machine translation (NMT) is an approach to machine translation that uses an artificial neural network to predict the likelihood of a sequence of words, typically modeling entire sentences in a single integrated model.