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About 65–80% of those with kidney stones are men; most stones in women are due to either metabolic defects (such as cystinuria) or infections in the case of struvite stones. [76] [122] [19] Urinary tract calculi disorders are more common in men than in women.
A number of important medical conditions are caused by stones: [citation needed] Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) Can cause hydronephrosis (swollen kidneys) and kidney failure; Can predispose to pyelonephritis (kidney infections) Can progress to urolithiasis; Urolithiasis (urinary bladder stones) Can progress to bladder outlet obstruction
Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point. [14] [15] In 2015, they caused about 16,000 deaths worldwide. [16] Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
Kidney stones are one of the most painful conditions known. After X-rays and other tests, doctors returned their diagnosis: She had a kidney stone. Alonso was given IV painkillers and sent home ...
Saturation levels of uric acid in blood may result in one form of kidney stones when the urate crystallizes in the kidney. These uric acid stones are radiolucent, so do not appear on an abdominal plain X-ray. [57] Uric acid crystals can also promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones, acting as "seed crystals". [58]
Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [10] [11] [12] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine, forming kidney stones.
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