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In SQL, a window function or analytic function [1] is a function which uses values from one or multiple rows to return a value for each row. (This contrasts with an aggregate function, which returns a single value for multiple rows.) Window functions have an OVER clause; any function without an OVER clause is not a window function, but rather ...
Horizontal partitioning splits one or more tables by row, usually within a single instance of a schema and a database server. It may offer an advantage by reducing index size (and thus search effort) provided that there is some obvious, robust, implicit way to identify in which partition a particular row will be found, without first needing to search the index, e.g., the classic example of the ...
SELECT * FROM (SELECT ROW_NUMBER OVER (ORDER BY sort_key ASC) AS row_number, columns FROM tablename) AS foo WHERE row_number <= 10 ROW_NUMBER can be non-deterministic : if sort_key is not unique, each time you run the query it is possible to get different row numbers assigned to any rows where sort_key is the same.
List partitioning: a partition is assigned a list of values. If the partitioning key has one of these values, the partition is chosen. For example, all rows where the column Country is either Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland or Denmark could build a partition for the Nordic countries.
The two most common representations are column-oriented (columnar format) and row-oriented (row format). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The choice of data orientation is a trade-off and an architectural decision in databases , query engines, and numerical simulations. [ 1 ]
The same may not be true of B-tree: B-tree requires a tree node for every approximately N rows in the table, where N is the capacity of a single node, thus the index size is large. As BRIN only requires a tuple for each block (of many rows), the index becomes sufficiently small to make the difference between disk and memory.
Typically row locks are necessary to support high volume transaction processing applications at the cost of processing overhead to manage the larger number of locks. [ 4 ] Further, some systems ensure that a query sees a time-consistent view of the database by locking data that a query is examining to prevent an update from modifying it ...
Some databases - like Oracle - provide a plan table for query tuning. This plan table will return the cost and time for executing a query. Oracle offers two optimization approaches: CBO or Cost Based Optimization; RBO or Rule Based Optimization; RBO is slowly being deprecated. For CBO to be used, all the tables referenced by the query must be ...