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Additionally, the rough surface of rusty metal provides crevices for dirt containing C. tetani, while a nail affords a means to puncture the skin and deliver endospores deep within the body at the site of the wound. [28]
In deep wounds, such as those from a puncture or contaminated needle injection the combination of tissue death and limited exposure to surface air can result in a very low-oxygen environment, allowing C. tetani spores to germinate and grow. [2] As C. tetani grows at the wound site, it releases the toxins tetanolysin and tetanospasmin as cells ...
Puncture wounds – caused by an object puncturing the skin, such as a splinter, nail, knife or sharp tooth. [10] Penetration wounds – caused by an object such as a knife entering and coming out from the skin. [citation needed] Gunshot wounds – caused by a bullet or similar projectile driving into or through the body. There may be two ...
On the rare occasions where infection is superficial and limited (for example, ear infections or nail infections), topical gentamicin or colistin may be used. [citation needed] For pseudomonal wound infections, acetic acid with concentrations from 0.5% to 5% can be an effective bacteriostatic agent in eliminating the bacteria from the wound.
The basis of laser treatment is to try to heat the nail bed to these temperatures in order to disrupt fungal growth. [49] As of 2013 research into laser treatment seemed promising. [ 2 ] There is also ongoing development in photodynamic therapy , which uses laser or LED light to activate photosensitisers that eradicate fungi.
Timing is important to wound healing. Critically, the timing of wound re-epithelialization can decide the outcome of the healing. [11] If the epithelization of tissue over a denuded area is slow, a scar will form over many weeks, or months; [12] [13] If the epithelization of a wounded area is fast, the healing will result in regeneration.
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A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G. eponychium; H. free margin. Onychia is an inflammation of the nail folds (surrounding tissue of the nail plate) of the nail with formation of pus and shedding of the nail. Onychia results from the introduction of microscopic pathogens through small wounds.