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  2. Decentralization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization

    Decentralization can make national policy coordination too complex; it may allow local elites to capture functions; local cooperation may be undermined by any distrust between private and public sectors; decentralization may result in higher enforcement costs and conflict for resources if there is no higher level of authority. [150]

  3. Federalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism

    Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general level of government (a central or federal government) with a regional level of sub-unit governments (e.g., provinces, states, cantons, territories, etc.), while dividing the powers of governing between the two levels of governments.

  4. Devolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution

    It is a form of administrative decentralization. Devolved territories have the power to make legislation relevant to the area, thus granting them a higher level of autonomy. [2] Devolution differs from federalism in that the devolved powers of the subnational authority may be temporary and are reversible, ultimately residing with the central ...

  5. Fiscal federalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_federalism

    As a subfield of public economics, fiscal federalism is concerned with "understanding which functions and instruments are best centralized and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government" (Oates, 1999). In other words, it is the study of how competencies (expenditure side) and fiscal instruments (revenue side) are ...

  6. Comparative federalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_federalism

    This research brought in findings from comparative federalism and depicted the European Union as a unique (quasi-federal) system characterized by a distinctive interconnection among multiple levels of governance. [8] "EU is an outlier in comparative federalism: a federation-in-the-making with confederal characteristics". [9]

  7. New Federalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Federalism

    New Federalism is a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states.The primary objective of New Federalism, unlike that of the eighteenth-century political philosophy of Federalism, is the restoration of some of the autonomy and power, which individual states had lost to the federal government as a result of ...

  8. Centralized government - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_government

    A centralized government (also united government) is one in which both executive and legislative power is concentrated centrally at the higher level as opposed to it being more distributed at various lower level governments.

  9. Subsidiarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity

    Decentralization, or decentralising governance, refers to the restructuring or reorganisation of authority so that there is a system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at the central, regional and local levels according to the principle of subsidiarity, thus increasing the overall quality and effectiveness of the system of ...