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  2. Microsoft Office password protection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password...

    In Excel and Word 95 and prior editions a weak protection algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array [1] key. [4] Hacking software is now readily available to find a 16-byte key and decrypt the password-protected document. [5] Office 97, 2000, XP and 2003 use RC4 with 40 bits. [4]

  3. Hash list - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_list

    Often, an additional hash of the hash list itself (a top hash, also called root hash or master hash) is used.Before downloading a file on a p2p network, in most cases the top hash is acquired from a trusted source, for instance a friend or a web site that is known to have good recommendations of files to download.

  4. Hash table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table

    A hash table uses a hash function to compute an index, also called a hash code, into an array of buckets or slots, from which the desired value can be found. During lookup, the key is hashed and the resulting hash indicates where the corresponding value is stored. A map implemented by a hash table is called a hash map.

  5. List of hash functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hash_functions

    This is a list of hash functions, including cyclic redundancy checks, checksum functions, and cryptographic hash functions. This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( February 2024 )

  6. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

    Such file hashes are often the top hash of a hash list or a hash tree, which allows for additional benefits. One of the main applications of a hash function is to allow the fast look-up of data in a hash table. Being hash functions of a particular kind, cryptographic hash functions lend themselves well to this application too.

  7. Password - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password

    The hash value is created by applying a cryptographic hash function to a string consisting of the submitted password and, in many implementations, another value known as a salt. A salt prevents attackers from easily building a list of hash values for common passwords and prevents password cracking efforts from scaling across all users. [27]

  8. Checksum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum

    The result is appended to the message as an extra word. In simpler terms, for n =1 this means adding a bit to the end of the data bits to guarantee that there is an even number of '1's. To check the integrity of a message, the receiver computes the bitwise exclusive or of all its words, including the checksum; if the result is not a word ...

  9. Rainbow table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table

    The first chain assumes the hash value is in the last hash position and just applies R k; the next chain assumes the hash value is in the second-to-last hash position and applies R k−1, then H, then R k; and so on until the last chain, which applies all the reduction functions, alternating with H. This creates a new way of producing a false ...