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Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, and one product, cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxyproline 2-epimerase.
Other hydroxyprolines also exist in nature. The most notable ones are 2,3-cis-, 3,4-trans-, and 3,4-dihydroxyproline, which occurs in diatom cell walls [12] and are postulated to have a role in silica deposition. Hydroxyproline is also found in the walls of oomycetes, fungus-like protists related to diatoms.
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
As with most blood tests, false-negatives can happen, meaning results could come back negative when a cancer does exist — although Grail reports that negative cancer test results from Galleri ...
Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. This rare form of the disorder may appear benign at times, [ 2 ] but often involves seizures, convulsions, and intellectual disability.
4-Hydroxynonenal, or 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal or 4-HNE or HNE, (C 9 H 16 O 2), is an α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal that is produced by lipid peroxidation in cells. 4-HNE is the primary α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal formed in this process. It is a colorless oil.
In enzymology, a proline racemase (EC 5.1.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. L-proline D-proline. Hence, this enzyme has two substrates, L- and D-proline, and two products, D- and L- proline. This enzyme belongs to the family of proline racemases acting on free amino acids.
Ramaswamy SG (1983). "Conversion of 3-hydroxyproline to proline in the rat requires reduced pyridine-nucleotides". Fed. Proc. 42: 2232. Visser WF, Verhoeven-Duif NM, de Koning TJ (June 2012). "Identification of a human trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline dehydratase, the first characterized member of a novel family of proline racemase-like enzymes".