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The northern North Sea Paleorift system, including the Viking and Sogn graben, is an approximately 150–200 km wide zone of extended upper crust with preserved strata from pre-Triassic to Tertiary. It is bounded by the Shetland Platform to the west and the Norwegian mainland to the east.
The geography of the North Sea studies coastal and submarine features as well as the people who live on its coasts. It is bounded by the east coasts of England and Scotland to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. [1]
This region, because of the atmosphere-ocean transfer of energy and gases, has varying seasonal climate. During the winter, sea ice is formed in the western and northern regions of the Nordic Seas, whereas during the summer months, the majority of the region remains free of ice. Several water masses are found interacting in the Nordic Sea.
The North Sea Region, as defined in the Operational Programme of the Interreg North Sea Programme 2021-2027, covers an area of approximately 536,000 square kilometres (207,000 sq mi). The programme covers all of Denmark and the Netherlands , the southern part of Norway , the Flemish Region of Belgium, northwestern regions of Germany ...
A map showing Viking-Bergen island to the north of Doggerland 10,000 BCE. From approximately 15,500 to 13,600 years before present (BP), sea levels in the region were lower by 100 to 110 metres (330 to 360 ft), and possibly more than 140 metres (460 ft). [1] At this time, Viking-Bergen would have been an island surrounded by a shallow sea.
Across the north central and northern North Sea, the Chalk Group is a major seal unit, overlying a number of blocks of reservoir rocks and preventing their fluid contents from migrating upwards. The Silverpit crater , a 20 kilometers (12 mi) diameter suspected impact crater in the North Sea (60–65 Ma).
The northern North Sea coasts bear the impression of the enormous glaciers which covered them during the Ice Ages and created fjords, lakes and valleys along the coastline and landscape. Fjords arose by the action of glaciers, which dragged their way through them from the highlands, cutting and scraping deep trenches in the land.
Map of coastal waters around Norway. The coastline of Norway is formed along the Skagerrak, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, and Barents Sea. This considers only the mainland coastline and excludes Svalbard. A straight line along Norway's sea borders (the coastal perimeter) is 2,650 kilometers (1,650 mi) long.