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Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease is a textbook on hepatology and gastroenterology for medical students, internists, and surgeons. [1] First published in 1978, it has undergone many revisions to reflect the rapid advances in internal medicine and is currently in its 11th edition.
Liver failure is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions as part of normal physiology. Two forms are recognised, acute and chronic (cirrhosis). [ 1 ] Recently, a third form of liver failure known as acute-on-chronic liver failure ( ACLF ) is increasingly being recognized.
Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, chronic liver failure or chronic hepatic failure and end-stage liver disease, is an acute condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease. [6] [7] [8] Damage to ...
Hepatorenal syndrome is a particular and common type of kidney failure that affects individuals with liver cirrhosis or, less commonly, with fulminant liver failure. [1] The syndrome involves constriction of the blood vessels of the kidneys and dilation of blood vessels in the splanchnic circulation, which supplies the intestines. [ 2 ]
Liver showing chronic passive congestion associated with tricuspid valve incompetence. So called 'nutmeg liver', Split nutmeg, for those who have never seen this appearance. Close up of congested liver showing the 'nutmeg' appearance. Congestive hepatopathy, is liver dysfunction due to venous congestion, usually due to congestive heart failure.
Liver diseases, including conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis, are significant public health concerns worldwide. In the United States, NAFLD is the most common chronic liver condition, affecting approximately 24% of the population, with the prevalence rising due ...
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), [a] is a type of chronic liver disease. This condition is diagnosed when there is excessive fat build-up in the liver ( hepatic steatosis ), and at least one metabolic risk factor.
Females are more susceptible to alcohol-associated liver injury and are therefore at higher risk of alcohol-associated hepatitis. [7] Certain genetic variations in the PNPLA3-encoding gene, which codes for an enzyme involved in triglyceride metabolism in adipose tissue are thought to influence disease severity. [7]