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The company Pyrosequencing AB in Uppsala, Sweden was founded with venture capital provided by HealthCap in order to commercialize machinery and reagents for sequencing short stretches of DNA using the pyrosequencing technique. Pyrosequencing AB was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1999. It was renamed to Biotage in 2003. [7]
454 Life Sciences was founded by Jonathan Rothberg [2] and was originally known as 454 Corporation, a subsidiary of CuraGen. For their method for low-cost gene sequencing, 454 Life Sciences was awarded the Wall Street Journal's Gold Medal for Innovation in the Biotech-Medical category in 2005. [3]
The 454 DNA sequencer was the first next-generation sequencer to become commercially successful. [10] It was developed by 454 Life Sciences and purchased by Roche in 2007. 454 utilizes the detection of pyrophosphate released by the DNA polymerase reaction when adding a nucleotide to the template strain.
A parallelized version of pyrosequencing was developed by 454 Life Sciences, which has since been acquired by Roche Diagnostics. The method amplifies DNA inside water droplets in an oil solution (emulsion PCR), with each droplet containing a single DNA template attached to a single primer-coated bead that then forms a clonal colony.
Roche 454 Clonal-emPCR Pyrosequencing 400‡ 0.42 0.40-0.60 GS FLX Titanium Clonal-emPCR Pyrosequencing 400‡ 0.42 0.035 Illumina MiSeq Clonal Bridge Amplification Reversible Dye Terminator 2x300 0.17-2.7 15 Illumina HiSeq Clonal Bridge Amplification Reversible Dye Terminator 2x150 0.3-11 [12] 1000 [13] Illumina Genome Analyzer IIX
This method should not be confused with "sequencing by synthesis," a principle used by Roche-454 pyrosequencing (introduced in 2005, generating millions of 200-400bp reads in 2009), and the Solexa system (now owned by Illumina) (introduced in 2006, generating hundreds of millions of 50-100bp reads in 2009)
It is designed specifically for assembling sequence data generated by the 454 GS-series of pyrosequencing platforms sold by 454 Life Sciences, a Roche Diagnostics company. [ 1 ] Usage
The first metagenomic studies conducted using high-throughput sequencing used massively parallel 454 pyrosequencing. [17] Three other technologies commonly applied to environmental sampling are the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine , the Illumina MiSeq or HiSeq and the Applied Biosystems SOLiD system. [ 22 ]