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The Central Agricultural Zone was marked by lower living standards for peasants, and an extremely dense and poor rural population. [1] [2] It was surrounded by areas where commercial farming was prevalent: in the Baltic were capitalist farms able to hire wage-labour due to the Emancipation in 1817 with access to Western grain markets, in Western Ukraine nobles had established vast sugar-beet ...
It may, for example, refer to European Russia (except the North Caucasus and Kaliningrad). [citation needed] The 1967 book by Stephen P. Dunn and Ethel Dunn The Peasants of Central Russia [1] defines the area as the territory from Novgorod Oblast to the north to the border with Ukraine in the south and from Smolensk Oblast to the west and Volga ...
In most of Slavonic Russia the peasants practised the open field system. The fields lay beyond the village's houses and gardens. Here the peasants grew the extensive cereal cultures and, to a limited but increasing extent, row and industrial crops too. The crops were protected from livestock by temporary fencing.
A Map History of Russia (Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1974), new topical maps. Channon, John, and Robert Hudson. The Penguin historical atlas of Russia (Viking, 1995), new topical maps. Chew, Allen F. An atlas of Russian history: eleven centuries of changing borders (Yale UP, 1970), new topical maps. Gilbert, Martin.
Obshchina Gathering by Sergei Korovin. The organization of the peasant mode of production is the primary cause for the type of social structure found in the obshchina. The relationship between the individual peasant, the family and the community leads to a specific social structure categorized by the creation of familial alliances to apportion risks between members of the community.
Kulak (/ ˈ k uː l æ k / KOO-lak; Russian: кула́к, romanized: kulák, IPA: ⓘ; plural: кулаки́, kulakí, 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul (Ukrainian: куркуль) or golchomag (Azerbaijani: qolçomaq, plural: qolçomaqlar), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over 3 ha (8 acres) of land towards the end of the Russian Empire.
The term muzhik, or moujik (Russian: мужи́к, IPA:) means "Russian peasant" when it is used in English. [5] [clarification needed] This word was borrowed from Russian into Western languages through translations of 19th-century Russian literature, describing Russian rural life of those times, and where the word muzhik was used to mean the most common rural dweller – a peasant – but ...
2008 Russian Second Division; 2009 Russian Second Division; 2016–17 Russian Professional Football League; Central Federal District; Expansion of Russia (1500–1800) Federal districts of Russia; Golden Ring of Russia; Great Stand on the Ugra River; Muravsky Trail; Oka (river) Political divisions of Russia; User:Benjamin Trovato/My Nogai