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The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated as CMOS, TCM, or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago [1]) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing. [2]
The style and formatting of academic works, described within the manual, is commonly referred to as "Turabian style" or "Chicago style" (being based on that of The Chicago Manual of Style). The ninth edition of the manual, published in 2018, corresponds with the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.
When it is useful to sub-divide these sections (for example, to separate a list of magazine articles from a list of books), this should be done using level 3 headings (===Books===) instead of definition list headings (;Books), as explained in the accessibility guidelines.
In normal text and headings, use and instead of the ampersand (&): January 1 and 2, not January 1 & 2. But retain an ampersand when it is a legitimate part of the style of a proper noun, the title of a work, or a trademark, such as in Up & Down or AT&T. Elsewhere, ampersands may be used with consistency and discretion where space is extremely ...
The use of title case or sentence case in the references of scholarly publications is determined by the used citation style and can differ from the usage in title or headings. For example, APA Style uses sentence case for the title of the cited work in the list of references, but it uses title case for the title of the current publication (or ...
Selecting "Level 2" will format text as a main heading, the most frequently used subdivision of any page. "Level 3" gives you a subheading for a Level 2 heading, and so on. To create a heading without using the toolbar, put text between = signs; the number of = signs on each side of the text indicates the level: ==Heading== (Level 2 ...
For style manuals in reference-work format, new editions typically appear every 1 to 20 years. For example, the AP Stylebook is revised every other year (since 2020). [7] The Chicago Manual of Style is in its 18th edition, while the APA and ASA styles are both in their 7th as of 2025. Many house styles and individual project styles change more ...
Using title case (= capitalizing almost every word) in headings merely because it is a heading looks ugly, destroys valuable information about names (proper nouns) that might occur as part of headings, and is not common practice among many English publishers.