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Specifically, the reactions are understood to be initiated by the protein ingredients in dog food, with sources such as beef, chicken, soy, and turkey being common causes of these allergic reactions. [83] [84] A number of "novel protein" dog foods are available that claim to alleviate such allergies in dogs. [85]
Poultry by-product meal (PBM) is a high-protein ingredient used as a major component in some pet foods. It is made from grinding clean, rendered parts of poultry carcasses and can contain bones, offal and undeveloped eggs. [1] Poultry by-product meal quality and composition can change from one batch to another.
Chicken meal in a finished food provides roughly 4 to 5 times the nutrients as the same weight of chicken meat because of the differences in moisture. A pet food made of chicken meat may therefore have only 20% of the chicken in the final product, providing only 3.6% protein. An equivalent proportion of chicken meal would provide 13% protein.
Although young growing dogs have immature gastrointestinal tracts, they do contain microflora which can ferment fibre and generate short chain fatty acids beneficial to gut health. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Colonization and establishment of these bacterial populations happens over time, beginning immediately after birth. [ 24 ]
Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances. Some nutrients can be stored internally (e.g. the fat soluble vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient.
Healthy poultry require a sufficient amount of protein and carbohydrates, along with the necessary vitamins, dietary minerals, and an adequate supply of water. [2] Lactose-fermentation of feed can aid in supplying vitamins and minerals to poultry. [3] Egg laying hens require 4 grams per day of calcium of which 2 grams are used in the egg.