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There are several reasons why mobs may not spawn in a farm. Mob spawning is set to false in the settings. You are the wrong distance from the point you want the mobs to spawn. The light level is too high (though judging from your screenshot this is not the case). The mobs are spawning elsewhere.
For an exp farm your mobs will have to fall 24 blocks to be killable on one hit. That way you get the xp and the special drops. For mobs to spawn very efficiently you want to be 128 blocks away from any other potential spawning points for them (blocks with block light lower than 8), so you should be 128 blocks above the highest block in an 128 ...
Mobs instantly despawn when they're more than 128 blocks away, so #1 - you need to be 128 blocks away from any dark spots where you DON'T want mobs to spawn, and #2 - closer than 128 blocks from the farm where you DO want mobs to spawn. Furthermore, mobs despawn over time when they're more than 30 blocks away, but that is a much slower process.
Since you are talking about 128 blocks, I'd assume you're already familiar with the spawning rules, but for others finding this topic, hostile mobs which are further than 128 blocks from a player will rapidly despawn, even though they can spawn anywhere in a 240x240 square from each player.
You would have the mob farm inside a 128 block radius of you, but the ground would be outside that radius. Any mobs that are on the ground will immediately despawn, but the mobs in the farm will not. Note that this might not work so well for an XP farm, I think you'd have to build an elevator that moves the mobs up to where you are (so they don ...
It doesn't require any lava, just water, signs, glass, and a stone half-block. It even includes a monster-proof escape hatch in case you fall in. No monster drops get lost or burned. They are all collectible standing in one spot. And as shown in the video it works on all monsters as well as passive animals (even chickens).
I've noticed a bunch of rules regarding monster behavior relative to player position: they don't spawn near the player, spawn then despawn far from player, spawn and stay somewhere in between, move in certain distance, don't move at a different distance... generally, a mess of rules I can't quite tackle. So, I'm building a mob grinder.
Spawners only spawn up to 4 mobs every 25 seconds on the average (between 10s and 40s random cooldown) and only of the type the spawner is, while a good general mob farm will spawn all, or at least most kinds of mobs and its speed is limited only by your ability to kill them fast enough to keep the number below mob cap.
I have created a mob farm which I want to be able to turn into an XP farm at the switch of a button. Basically a multitude of mobs spawn at the top, fall down, and die. I want to add a dispenser that dispenses water so I can catch the mobs and kill them for the XP instead of their drops.
As of Minecraft 1.8, these are the two main despawning rules: If a mob has not been within 32 blocks 1 of a player for more than 30 seconds, it has a 1 in 800 chance every tick of despawning (about 1 in 40 every second) If there are no players within a 128 block radius 2 of a mob, it will instantly despawn; Exceptions: