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2. Mathematical logic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic

   t. e. Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power.

3. Arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic

   Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking logarithms. Arithmetic systems can be distinguished based on the type of numbers they operate on.

4. Order of operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

   [2] [3] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3, the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9. When exponents were introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and placed as a superscript to the right of ...

5. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

   Trachtenberg system. The Trachtenberg system is a system of rapid mental calculation. The system consists of a number of readily memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations very quickly. It was developed by the Ukrainian engineer Jakow Trachtenberg in order to keep his mind occupied while being in a Nazi concentration ...

6. Mental calculation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_calculation

   The first Mental Calculations World Championship took place in 1998. This event repeats every year and now occurs online. It consists of a range of different tasks such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, irrational and exact square roots, cube roots and deeper roots, factorizations, fractions, and calendar dates. [8]

7. Mathematics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

   According to Mikhail B. Sevryuk, in the January 2006 issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, "The number of papers and books included in the Mathematical Reviews (MR) database since 1940 (the first year of operation of MR) is now more than 1.9 million, and more than 75 thousand items are added to the database each year. The ...