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  2. Normalization (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(machine...

    Data normalization (or feature scaling) includes methods that rescale input data so that the features have the same range, mean, variance, or other statistical properties. For instance, a popular choice of feature scaling method is min-max normalization , where each feature is transformed to have the same range (typically [ 0 , 1 ...

  3. Feature scaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_scaling

    This method is widely used for normalization in many machine learning algorithms (e.g., support vector machines, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks). [4] [5] The general method of calculation is to determine the distribution mean and standard deviation for each feature. Next we subtract the mean from each feature.

  4. Batch normalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_normalization

    Ideally, the normalization would be conducted over the entire training set, but to use this step jointly with stochastic optimization methods, it is impractical to use the global information. Thus, normalization is restrained to each mini-batch in the training process. Let us use B to denote a mini-batch of size m of the entire training set.

  5. Normalization (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)

    In the simplest cases, normalization of ratings means adjusting values measured on different scales to a notionally common scale, often prior to averaging. In more complicated cases, normalization may refer to more sophisticated adjustments where the intention is to bring the entire probability distributions of adjusted values into alignment.

  6. Quantile normalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_normalization

    To quantile normalize two or more distributions to each other, without a reference distribution, sort as before, then set to the average (usually, arithmetic mean) of the distributions. So the highest value in all cases becomes the mean of the highest values, the second highest value becomes the mean of the second highest values, and so on.

  7. Softmax function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmax_function

    A second kind of remedies is based on approximating the softmax (during training) with modified loss functions that avoid the calculation of the full normalization factor. [9] These include methods that restrict the normalization sum to a sample of outcomes (e.g. Importance Sampling, Target Sampling). [9] [10]

  8. Eight-point algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-point_algorithm

    The basic eight-point algorithm is here described for the case of estimating the essential matrix .It consists of three steps. First, it formulates a homogeneous linear equation, where the solution is directly related to , and then solves the equation, taking into account that it may not have an exact solution.

  9. Kernel density estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_density_estimation

    Kernel density estimation of 100 normally distributed random numbers using different smoothing bandwidths.. In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable based on kernels as weights.