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A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
Let M be a maximum matching and consider an alternating chain such that the edges in the path alternates between being and not being in M.If the alternating chain is a cycle or a path of even length starting on an unmatched vertex, then a new maximum matching M ′ can be found by interchanging the edges found in M and not in M.
Kawasaki's theorem or Kawasaki–Justin theorem is a theorem in the mathematics of paper folding that describes the crease patterns with a single vertex that may be folded to form a flat figure. It states that the pattern is flat-foldable if and only if alternatingly adding and subtracting the angles of consecutive folds around the vertex gives ...
The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it, where a loop is counted twice. The degree of a graph is the maximum of the degrees of its vertices. In an undirected simple graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 and the maximum size of the graph is n(n − 1) / 2 .
A hypergraph is said to be vertex-transitive (or vertex-symmetric) if all of its vertices are symmetric. Similarly, a hypergraph is edge-transitive if all edges are symmetric. If a hypergraph is both edge- and vertex-symmetric, then the hypergraph is simply transitive.
Digraphs found by Francesc Comellas and M. A. Fiol. More details are available in a paper by the authors. * Cayley digraphs found by Michael J. Dinneen. Details about this graph are available in a paper by the author. * Cayley digraphs found by Michael J. Dinneen. The complete set of cayley digraphs in that order was found by Eyal Loz. *
A graceful labeling; vertex labels are in black and edge labels in red. A graph is known as graceful if its vertices are labeled from 0 to | E |, the size of the graph, and if this vertex labeling induces an edge labeling from 1 to | E |. For any edge e, the label of e is the positive difference between the labels of the two vertices incident ...
In January 2002, she folded a 4,000-foot-long (1,200 m) piece of toilet paper twelve times in the same direction, debunking a long-standing myth that paper cannot be folded in half more than eight times. [21] [22] The fold-and-cut problem asks what shapes can be obtained by folding a piece of paper flat, and making a single straight complete ...