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The French scale measures and is proportional to the outer diameter of a catheter, with 1 French (Fr) defined as 1 ⁄ 3 millimeter, making the relationship: 1 mm = 3 Fr. Thus, the outer diameter of a catheter in millimeters can be calculated by dividing the French size by 3. [ 2 ]
Prior to the French Revolution the Fournier point was also in use. It was 1 ⁄ 6 of a ligne or 1 ⁄ 864 of the smaller French foot. ligne: 1 ⁄ 144: 2.256 mm 88.81 thou 1 ⁄ 12 of a pouce. This corresponds to the line, a traditional English unit. pouce: 1 ⁄ 12: 27.07 mm 1.066 in 1 ⁄ 12 of a pied du roi. This corresponds to the inch, a ...
The ligne is still used by French and Swiss watchmakers. There are 12 lignes to one French inch . The standardized conversion for a ligne is 2.2558291 mm (1 mm = 0.443296 ligne), [4] and it is abbreviated with the letter L or represented by the triple prime, ‴. [5] One ligne is the equivalent of 0.0888 international inch.
During the early part of the twentieth century, the French introduced their own units of power – the poncelet, which was defined as being the power required to raise a mass of 100 kg against standard gravity with a velocity of 1 m/s, giving a value of 980.665 W. [16] [17] However, many other European countries defined their units of power ...
The term for telescopes persisted even in the 20th century, with a telescope listed in the 1909 Sears Roebuck catalog of having 25 lignes diameter aperture, or about 56 mm (5.6 cm). [5] The measurement SPI (Stitches per inch) for leather pricking irons and stitch marking wheels also commonly uses the Paris inch instead of the Imperial inch.
The Birmingham gauge ranges from 5/0 or 00000, the lowest gauge number corresponding to the largest size of 0.500 inches (12.7 mm), to 36, the highest gauge number corresponding to the smallest size of 0.004 inches (0.10 mm). The increments between gauge sizes are not linear and vary. [2]
The United States adopted the conversion factor 1 metre = 39.37 inches by an act in 1866. [30] In 1893, Mendenhall ordered the physical realization of the inch to be based on the international prototype metres numbers 21 and 27, which had been received from the CGPM, together with the previously adopted conversion factor. [31]
One pica is further divided into 12 points. In printing, three pica measures are used: The French pica of 12 Didot points (also called cicero) generally is: 12 × 0.376 = 4.512 mm (0.1776 in). The American pica of 0.16604 inches (4.217 mm). It was established by the United States Type Founders' Association in 1886.