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The term "Maxwell's equations" is often also used for equivalent alternative formulations. Versions of Maxwell's equations based on the electric and magnetic scalar potentials are preferred for explicitly solving the equations as a boundary value problem, analytical mechanics, or for use in quantum mechanics.
In fact, Maxwell's equations were crucial in the historical development of special relativity. However, in the usual formulation of Maxwell's equations, their consistency with special relativity is not obvious; it can only be proven by a laborious calculation. For example, consider a conductor moving in the field of a magnet. [8]
Eighteen of Maxwell's twenty original equations can be vectorized into six equations, labeled to below, each of which represents a group of three original equations in component form. The 19th and 20th of Maxwell's component equations appear as and below, making a total of eight vector equations. These are listed below in Maxwell's original ...
Electromagnetic waves are predicted by the classical laws of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell's equations. There are nontrivial solutions of the homogeneous Maxwell's equations (without charges or currents), describing waves of changing electric and magnetic fields. Beginning with Maxwell's equations in free space:
The dependence of Maxwell's equation on the metric of spacetime lies in the Hodge star operator on 2-forms, which is conformally invariant. Written this way, Maxwell's equation is the same in any space–time, manifestly coordinate-invariant, and convenient to use (even in Minkowski space or Euclidean space and time, especially with curvilinear ...
The structure of Maxwell relations is a statement of equality among the second derivatives for continuous functions. It follows directly from the fact that the order of differentiation of an analytic function of two variables is irrelevant (Schwarz theorem).
Maxwell's equations can directly give inhomogeneous wave equations for the electric field E and magnetic field B. [1] Substituting Gauss's law for electricity and Ampère's law into the curl of Faraday's law of induction, and using the curl of the curl identity ∇ × (∇ × X) = ∇(∇ ⋅ X) − ∇ 2 X (The last term in the right side is the vector Laplacian, not Laplacian applied on ...
One of the early uses of the matrix forms of the Maxwell's equations was to study certain symmetries, and the similarities with the Dirac equation. The matrix form of the Maxwell's equations is used as a candidate for the Photon Wavefunction. [8] Historically, the geometrical optics is based on the Fermat's principle of least time. Geometrical ...