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  2. Leaflet (botany) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)

    Palmately compound leaf of hemp. A leaflet (occasionally called foliole) in botany is a leaf-like part of a compound leaf. [1] Though it resembles an entire leaf, a leaflet is not borne on a main plant stem or branch, as a leaf is, but rather on a petiole or a branch of the leaf. [2]

  3. Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and...

    An illuminated manuscript is a book, usually religious in nature, that has been intricately decorated with paints, inks, and metal leaf such as gold and silver. This can include full page illustrations, intricate initials at the beginning of paragraphs and chapters, and embellishment to particularly important areas of text.

  4. Loose leaf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_leaf

    A loose leaf (also loose leaf paper, filler paper or refill paper) is a piece of paper of any kind that is not bound in place, or available on a continuous roll, and may be punched and organized as ring-bound (in a ring binder) or disc-bound. Loose leaf paper may be sold as free sheets, or made up into notepads, where perforations or glue allow ...

  5. Bookworm (insect) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)

    Human awareness of bookworms dates back to the Middle Ages, when infested books were identified and burned. [16] Pesticides can be used to protect books from these insects, but they are often made with harsh chemicals that make them an unattractive option. Museums and universities that want to keep their archives bookworm free without using ...

  6. Preservation (library and archive) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservation_(library_and...

    Frequently called a "book curse", these were placed in the book to deter theft. The ancient Chinese god Wei T'O is the patron god of libraries and books. Many examples of appeals to Wei T'O can be found in Chinese manuscripts dated five hundred or more years ago. [56] Wei T'O is especially invoked for the protection of books and libraries ...

  7. Tunica (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_(biology)

    More generally than in describing tunics of bulbs etc., any leaf-sheath or protective bract remaining attached to the plant after the leaf has died may be called a tunica or tunic. [3] The testa or spermoderm of a seed is sometimes called the tunic, especially in older books. [3] In fungi, the peridium may be referred to as the tunica. [3]

  8. Guard cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_cell

    Water stress (drought and salt stress) is one of the major environmental problems causing severe losses in agriculture and in nature. Drought tolerance of plants is mediated by several mechanisms that work together, including stabilizing and protecting the plant from damage caused by desiccation and also controlling how much water plants lose through the stomatal pores during drought.

  9. Bookbinding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookbinding

    Firstly, one binds the sheets of papers along an edge with a thick needle and strong thread. One can also use loose-leaf rings, binding posts, twin-loop spine coils, plastic spiral coils, and plastic spine combs, but they last for a shorter time. Next, one encloses the bound stack of paper in a cover.