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  2. Judgment (law) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_(law)

    In common law legal systems, judgment enforcement is regulated by administrative divisions such as a province, territory, or federated state, while in civil law legal systems judgment enforcement is regulated through the national Code of Civil Procedure. Judgment enforcement, on a conceptual level, is conducted in a similar way across different ...

  3. Judgment as a matter of law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_as_a_matter_of_law

    Judgment on the pleadings is a motion made after pleading and before discovery; summary judgment happens after discovery and before trial; JMOL occurs during trial. [5] In United States federal courts, JMOL is a creation of Rule 50 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

  4. Summary judgment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_judgment

    In law, a summary judgment, also referred to as judgment as a matter of law or summary disposition, [1] is a judgment entered by a court for one party and against another party summarily, i.e., without a full trial. Summary judgments may be issued on the merits of an entire case, or on discrete issues in that case.

  5. Declaratory judgment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_judgment

    The filing of a declaratory judgment lawsuit can follow the sending by one party of a cease-and-desist letter to another party. [6] A party contemplating sending such a letter risks that the recipient, or a party related to the recipient (i.e. such as a customer or supplier), may file for a declaratory judgment in their own jurisdiction, or sue for minor damages in the law of unjustified threats.

  6. Civil procedure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure

    Civil and criminal cases are usually heard in different courts. In jurisdictions based on English common-law systems, the party bringing a criminal charge (in most cases, the state) is called the "prosecution", but the party bringing most forms of civil action is the "plaintiff" or "claimant". In both kinds of action the other party is known as ...

  7. Civil law (legal system) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)

    Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The expression "civil law" is a translation of Latin jus civile, or "citizens' law", which was the late imperial term for its legal system, as opposed to the laws governing conquered peoples (jus gentium); hence, the Justinian Code's title Corpus Juris Civilis.

  8. Res judicata - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_judicata

    Angelo Gambiglioni, De re iudicata, 1579 Res judicata or res iudicata, also known as claim preclusion, is the Latin term for judged matter, [1] and refers to either of two concepts in common law civil procedure: a case in which there has been a final judgment and that is no longer subject to appeal; and the legal doctrine meant to bar (or preclude) relitigation of a claim between the same parties.

  9. Civil penalty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_penalty

    An administrative law judge or hearing officer may oversee the proceedings and render a judgment. In some cases, a civil penalty may be supplemented by other legal process, including administrative sanctions or even criminal charges, and their respective appeals .

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