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Before psychological research on confirmation bias, the phenomenon had been observed throughout history. Beginning with the Greek historian Thucydides ( c. 460 BC – c. 395 BC ), who wrote of misguided reason in The Peloponnesian War ; "... for it is a habit of mankind to entrust to careless hope what they long for, and to use sovereign reason ...
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [32] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [33]
Confirmation bias is challenging but important to detect. ... "These are 'absolute terms' and block any possibility of things being other than what we already believe," Dr. Kain explains. 2 ...
Motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is an unconscious or conscious process by which personal emotions control the evidence that is supported or dismissed. However, confirmation bias is mainly an unconscious (innate, implicit) cognitive bias, and the evidence or arguments utilised can be logical as well as emotional.
Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias that always interacts with frequency illusion. [2] This bias refers to the tendency of seeking evidence that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses, while sometimes overlooking evidence to the contrary. [ 8 ]
Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout the years. [1] According to the historical use of the term, people tend to select specific aspects of exposed information which they incorporate into their mindset.
Although cognitive bias modification can refer to modifying cognitive processes in healthy individuals, CBMT is a growing area of evidence-based psychological therapy, in which cognitive processes are modified to relieve suffering [50] [51] from serious depression, [52] anxiety, [53] and addiction. [54]
In essence, subjective validation is a confirmation bias towards information that personally benefits one's self-esteem. Many of the validations that are given are not necessarily because they are true about recipients but because people wish it was true about themselves; [ 7 ] people tend to think of themselves in terms of values that are ...