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Most plant endosymbiosis studies focus on fungal or bacteria using metagenomic approaches. [106] The characterization of archaea includes crop plants such as rice [107] and maize, but also aquatic plants. [105] The abundance of archaea varies by tissue type; for example archaea are more abundant in the rhizosphere than the phyllosphere and ...
Secondary endosymbiosis has occurred several times and has given rise to extremely diverse groups of algae and other eukaryotes. Some organisms can take opportunistic advantage of a similar process, where they engulf an alga and use the products of its photosynthesis, but once the prey item dies (or is lost) the host returns to a free living state.
The chloroplast is surrounded by 4 membranes: 2 layers resulting from the primary, and 2 resulting from the secondary. When the nucleus of the algal endosymbiont remains, it's called a "nucleomorph". [1] Most tertiary endosymbiosis events end up with only the plastid retained.
The plastids (membranous organelles) in all extant photosynthetic species result from secondary endosymbiosis between a euglenid and a green alga. [ 6 ] Structure
Secondary endosymbiosis results in the engulfment of an organism that has already performed primary endosymbiosis. Thus, four plasma membranes are formed. The first originating from the cyanobacteria, the second from the eukaryote that engulfed the cyanobacteria, and the third from the eukaryote who engulfed the primary endosymbiotic eukaryote. [11]
Chromalveolata was proposed to represent the organisms descended from a single secondary endosymbiosis involving a red alga and a bikont. [4] The plastids in these organisms are those that contain chlorophyll c. However, the monophyly of the Chromalveolata has been rejected.
The theory of endosymbiosis, as known as symbiogenesis, provides an explanation for the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. According to the theory of endosymbiosis for the origin of eukaryotic cells, scientists believe that eukaryotes originated from the relationship between two or more prokaryotic cells approximately 2.7 billion years ago.
Chlorella is a secondary endosymbiont that lives within Paramecium species and is an example of obligate intracellular reductive evolution. Moranella is a double membrane gram-negative-like bacteria that lives in another endosymbiont, "Candidatus Tremblaya", which itself lives in the mealy bug.