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2. Receptor (biochemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)

   Receptors of a particular type are linked to specific cellular biochemical pathways that correspond to the signal. While numerous receptors are found in most cells, each receptor will only bind with ligands of a particular structure. This has been analogously compared to how locks will only accept specifically shaped keys. When a ligand binds ...

3. Cell signaling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

   Enzyme-linked receptors (or catalytic receptors) are transmembrane receptors that, upon activation by an extracellular ligand, causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side. [33] Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both enzymatic, catalytic, and receptor functions. [34]

4. Cell surface receptor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor

   Membrane receptors are mainly divided by structure and function into 3 classes: The ion channel linked receptor; The enzyme-linked receptor; and The G protein-coupled receptor. Ion channel linked receptors have ion channels for anions and cations, and constitute a large family of multipass transmembrane proteins.

5. Hill equation (biochemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_equation_(biochemistry)

   The Gaddum equation is derived similarly to the Hill-equation but with 2 equilibria: both the ligand with the receptor and the antagonist with the receptor. Hence, the Gaddum equation has 2 constants: the equilibrium constants of the ligand and that of the antagonist

6. Signal transduction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

   Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. [1]

7. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

   The type II receptors phosphorylate the type I receptors; the type I receptors are then enabled to phosphorylate cytoplasmic R-Smads, which then act as transcriptional regulators. The upstream signaling pathway is triggered by the binding of a signaling molecule, a ligand, to a receiving molecule, a receptor. Receptors and ligands exist in many ...

8. Ligand (biochemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)

   Ligand binding to a receptor protein alters the conformation by affecting the three-dimensional shape orientation. The conformation of a receptor protein composes the functional state. Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, signaling lipids, and neurotransmitters.

9. Neurotransmitter receptor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor

   Conversely, G-protein-coupled receptors are neither excitatory nor inhibitory. Rather, they can have a broad number of functions such as modulating the actions of excitatory and inhibitory ion channels or triggering a signalling cascade that releases calcium from stores inside the cell. [2] Most neurotransmitters receptors are G-protein coupled ...