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This also means it is the first elementary scalar particle discovered in nature. Elementary bosons responsible for the four fundamental forces of nature are called force particles ( gauge bosons ). The strong interaction is mediated by the gluon , the weak interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, electromagnetism by the photon, and ...
Interest in preon models peaked in the 1980s but has slowed, as the Standard Model of particle physics continues to describe physics mostly successfully, and no direct experimental evidence for lepton and quark compositeness has been found. Preons come in four varieties: plus, anti-plus, zero, and anti-zero.
Please note that the masses of certain particles are subject to periodic reevaluation by the scientific community. The values currently reflected in this graphic are as of 2024 and may have been adjusted since. For the latest consensus, please visit the Particle Data Group website linked below.
The Standard Model of particle physics contains 12 flavors of elementary fermions, plus their corresponding antiparticles, as well as elementary bosons that mediate the forces and the Higgs boson, which was reported on July 4, 2012, as having been likely detected by the two main experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (ATLAS and CMS). [1]
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The Harari–Shupe preon model (also known as rishon model, RM) is the earliest effort to develop a preon model to explain the phenomena appearing in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. [1] It was first developed independently by Haim Harari and by Michael A. Shupe [2] and later expanded by Harari and his then-student Nathan Seiberg. [3]
In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle.The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons.They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles.
Since the X and Y boson mediate the grand unified force, they would have unusual high mass, which requires more energy to create than the reach of any current particle collider experiment. Significantly, the X and Y bosons couple quarks (constituents of protons and others) to leptons (such as positrons), allowing violation of the conservation ...