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Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. [2] [3] Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. [3] Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and physical examination with support from heart testing and an EEG. [3]
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), also referred to as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures, [2] [3] are episodes resembling an epileptic seizure but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy.
If the cause of the seizures are unlikely to be easily or quickly corrected, once diagnosis of a seizure is made, the mainstay of treatment is pharmacotherapy with anti-epileptic drugs. Phenobarbital is the first line anti-seizure medication in neonatal seizures, regardless of the cause of the seizure. [4] Phenytoin, levetiracetam, midazolam ...
In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. [25] About 2-5% of all children will experience such a seizure during their childhood. [26] In most cases, a febrile seizure will not indicate epilepsy. [26] Approximately 40% of children who experience a febrile seizure ...
In Nigeria, malaria—which can cause sudden, high fevers—is a significant cause of convulsions among children under 5 years of age. [18] Febrile seizures fall into two categories: simple and complex. [19] A simple febrile seizure is generalized, occurs singularly, and lasts less than 15 minutes. [19]
Similar to non-familial neonatal seizures, familial seizures may be focal, multifocal clonic, or tonic. The key to diagnosis is a family history of similar events and a normal neurological exam. Seizures occur between a few days to a few weeks of life and resolve by 5 months of age (range 5 days to 2 years).
Reflex anoxic seizures are a particular type of anoxic seizure, most commonly seen in young children in whom an anoxic seizure or syncope is provoked or precipitated by a noxious stimulus (hence "reflex"). Various precipitants have been identified, but the most common is an unexpected bump to the head.
Status epilepticus is a seizure "lasting longer than 30 minutes or a series of seizures without return to the baseline level of alertness between seizures." [ 12 ] Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of focal motor seizure, commonly involving the hands or face , which recurs with intervals of seconds or minutes, lasting for extended ...